Çatalhöyük (c. 7500–5700 BC) is one of the best-preserved Neolithic settlements ever excavated. The rooftop entrance system was a practical solution to communal living — walls served as shared structure and defense. A wall painting showing a town plan and erupting volcano is one of the world's oldest maps. Skull plastering is a well-documented ancestor-veneration practice found across the ancient Near East. The site was gradually abandoned as the population dispersed.